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0000003186 00000 n Origens Hermeneutic in Historical Context. The Letter and the Spirit: A History of Interpretation from Origen to Luther (New York: Peter Lang, 1995), 16. 185-254) was born in the Egyptian city of Alexandria to Christian parents. [12] The critical edition of Origens commentary in the original Latin can be found in Caroline P. Hammond Bammel, Der Rmerbriefkommentar des Origenes: kritische Ausgabe der bersetzung Rufins, vols. The difference between Alexandria and Antioch was not exegetical; it was theological. In Cyrils letters against to Nestorius, Cyril not only defends the title Theotokos against accusations that it was reviving the heresy of Apollinariusm, but he denies the very legitimacy of using alternative Christological schemes a such as the association of personas the Antiochian thinkers had spoken of. 0000008544 00000 n Hb```5x(1a.@qgUn+870p005x@g2b)(| OL Cirilo insiste en que Mara, la madre de Dios, debe ser llamada Theotokos. In other words, Philo, a wealthy first-century Jew, was well known for his efforts to integrate Greek philosophy and Jewish theology. The literal sense is thus reduced to a mere receptacle, playing only an instrumental or subordinate role. Whether or not one is persuaded of Edwardss argument here, it is true that Origen sees bodily existence as basically good. He writes: The works which Paul repudiates and frequently criticizes are not the works of righteousness which are commanded in the law, but those in which they boast, who keep the law according to the flesh; that is to say, the circumcision of the flesh, the sacrificial rituals, and the observance of Sabbaths and new moon festivals. %PDF-1.3 % This is why Origen can speak of Christian baptism as the spiritual equivalent of circumcision (Calvinists were not the first to make this connection!). WebAlexandrian and Antiochene theologians were expedient hermeneuts, meaning they utilized whichever exegetical practice (allegory, typology, literal, historical) that would supply them with their desired theology or interpretive conclusion. Make note of their respective leaders and methodologies, The Christology of the Coptic Orthodox Church, Conditioning Christology in the Early Church, Church History Lesson 17 -Christological Controversies to Chalcedon (451, The Result of the Christological Debate in the Council of Chalcedon, Christological Heresies Related to the Person and Natures of Jesus -Hammons.docx, Appealing to Creed: Theodore of Mopsuestia and Cyril of Alexandria, LOGOS-SARX CHRISTOLOGY AND THE SIXTH-CENTURY MIAENERGISM, The Mystery of the Incarnation: Towards a Reconciliation of Cyril and Nestorius, Divine Suffering & the Christological Vocabularies of St Cyril. 0000004287 00000 n WebAlexandria as they had his teacher Origen, but Arius almost single-handedly ushered in an era in which the church was well-nigh intoxicated with Christology, though he did so from a Trinitarian perspective and did not waste much time on the articulation between Christs disparate natures. There is no record of a formal school such as apparently existed at alexandria, although lucian of antioch directed his didascalion and Diodore of Tarsus his In their Christology they stressed the divinity of Christ. [24] Without a temple, there no longer existed the possibility of a priesthood or a sacrificial system. Antiochene side. All the courses are of global standards and recognized by competent authorities, thus [1] Donald Fairbairn, Patristic Exegesis and Theology: The Cart and the Horse, Westminster Theological Journal 69 (2007), 10-11; Brevard Childs, The Struggle to Understand Isaiah as Christian Scripture (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2004), 132-33; Frances Young, Alexandrian and Antiochene Exegesis, in History of Biblical Interpretation, ed. [4] Elizabeth Lauro, Reconsidering Origens Two Higher Senses of Scriptural Meaning: Identifying the Psychic and Pneumatic Senses, in Studia Patristica 34, ed. (LogOut/ [6] Karlfried Froehlich, Biblical Interpretation in the Early Church (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984), 15-16. Cyril of Alexandria was not only one of the finest Christian theologians of his day, he also stands out in the ranks of the greatest patristic writers of all generations as perhaps the most powerful exponent of Christology the church has known. On the other hand, the term Anthropotokos acknowledges that Mary is the mother of this man but can itself be taken to suggest that he is merely a man, which again is offensive to orthodox Christian faith in the deity of Christ. helped me to continue my class without quitting job. James O. Duke (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009), 1:174-78. 0000009410 00000 n 0000000940 00000 n This Demiurge was not inherently evil, but was nevertheless inferior to the God of love and compassion revealed by Jesus. We follow a systematic approach to the process of learning, examining and certifying. More often, however, Origen makes use of a merely twofold distinction between the literal sense and the spiritual sense, in accordance with Pauls terminology of letter and spirit (2 Cor. [18] Cf. In their Christology they stressed the divinity of Christ. This was seen in Clements belief in the eternity of matter and thought, and in cosmic cycles predating the creation of the world. develop their business skills and accelerate their career program. (LogOut/ For himself, he says, he has chosen to be on the. He found, in the expressions Mother of God and God suffering, little more than an ignorant piety that had cut so many corners in its implications that it stood very close to pagan mythical conceptions of the deity. Thanks to Moses and the ceremonial laws, a certain part of humankind began to be liberated from the kingdom of sin and death, and cleansing of sins began to be ushered in.[26] Origen even goes so far as to say that the Mosaic Law is a life-giving Spirit for those who understand it spiritually.[27] He argues that it is precisely on this point that both Jews and Marcionites fall into error. There is no record of a formal school such as apparently existed at alexandria, although lucian of antioch directed his didascalion and Diodore of Tarsus his MBA is a two year master degree program for students who want to gain the confidence to lead boldly and challenge conventional thinking in the global marketplace. 0000008565 00000 n Perfect E learn helped me a lot and I would strongly recommend this to all.. Ever since its inception, the church has struggled to understand the proper place of Mosaic Law in Christian ethics. In fact, Philo goes so far as to say that Greek philosophers must have appropriated their thought from Moses himself. i.e, word became flesh. (LogOut/ Jesucristo era plenamente humano y plenamente divino. Externally, the schools are not as distinct as they have been made out to be: the Alexandrians do not allegorize away the OT as much as has been thought, and the Antiochenes are not necessarily more literal in their methods than the Alexandrians. Theodore of Mopsuestia prefers to speak of the perfect union of Christs natures rather than synthesis. WebANTIOCHENE THEOLOGY The dominant theology of the early Church in Antioch. [23] But the reason for this is historical rather than anthropological. Cirilo insiste en que, si bien por s misma la propia naturaleza humana no es poderosa, sino pasible, en su unin con la divinidad, como en el dinmico acto de la Encarnacin, la naturaleza humana del Logos se convierte as en un instrumento del poder omnipotente, y, por tanto en un sentido real, aunque mentalmente paradjico, en un instrumento omnipotente. [13] Origen, Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, Books 1-5, trans. Grade 10 and 12 level courses are offered by NIOS, Indian National Education Board established in 1989 by the Ministry of Education (MHRD), India. Hovorun, Serhiy. 0000002620 00000 n For him, God the Logos raised the dead Lazarus, while the man Jesus wept at the tomb. !CYf} qC%/f9 jhA4i4OMUA\:>v'E3 {yhPVQgllY+5p}`NW. In spite of some of his more idiosyncratic conclusions, Origen developed an exegetical method that would have a profound impact on subsequent theologians. Then, by way of comparison, I will examine in briefer compass the work of one representative of the Antiochene tradition, Theodore of Mopsuestia. 0000008123 00000 n It would be a mistake to say that the literal sense of a text was irrelevant for Origen; rather, discerning the literal sense was the necessary means by which one could attain the spiritual sense. 0000007102 00000 n Una de sus frases favoritas es: El Logos sufri impasiblemente. 0000007720 00000 n Si Jess era humano, argumenta Cirilo, y si Dios estaba en otro lugar, la Encarnacin, la Palabra hecha carne, carecera de sentido. Jesus Christ was both fully human and fully divine. WebANTIOCH, SCHOOL OF The common doctrinal tendencies, particularly in exegesis and Christology, that characterized the theological thinkers and writers who represented the Antiochian tradition. This desire to avoid both the Scylla of Judaism and the Charybdis of Gnosticism (or better, Marcionism) set the stage for a multiplicity of Christian approaches to Mosaic Law. Dr. Pittenger's Criticism of the Alexandrine Christology.-In one place Dr. Pittenger admits that the Alexandrine and the Antiochene are two legitimate ways of thinking on the Person of our Lord, and that each of them will have adherents and admirers all the time. [7], Such was the heritage of Origens forbears. Where Presbyterian faith meets postmodern culture. Dr. Pittenger's Criticism of the Alexandrine Christology.-In one place Dr. Pittenger admits that the Alexandrine and the Antiochene are two legitimate ways of thinking on the Person of our Lord, and that each of them will have adherents and admirers all the time. [6] But such truth was often expressed in the form of enigmas, symbols, and allegories. WebFrom 3rd to 4th century, Tertullian and Origen give a more complete doctrine of Christology. 0000001508 00000 n NIOS helped in fulfilling her aspiration, the Board has universal acceptance and she joined Middlesex University, London for BSc Cyber Security and It was generally in contrast with and sometimes opposed to the theology of Alexandria. [12] This is the only commentary of Origens to have survived from beginning to end, even though it has been significantly truncated in the Latin translation of Rufinus of Aquileia (only a few scattered fragments of the original Greek still exist). WebThe theology of the Alexandrian school was influenced by the Platonic traditions of Philosophy. [8] Wai-Shing Chau. On the one hand, Jewish interpreters insisted on the total and literal application of Mosaic Law, compelling Christians to defend the supremacy of the revelation of Christ. As a result, the Alexandrians tended to see Mosaic Law in terms of continuity, and the Antiochenes tended to see it in terms of discontinuity. Developing a conducive digital environment where students can pursue their 10/12 level, degree and post graduate programs from the comfort of their homes even if they are attending a regular course at college/school or working. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Para l, el Logos de Dios resucit a Lzaro de la muerte, mientras que el hombre Jess llor ante su tumba. Educational programs for all ages are offered through e learning, beginning from the online Lx0d`U}rY @ v Qe` v6SG 1>} Z` mN | endstream endobj 67 0 obj 178 endobj 44 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 41 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 45 0 R /F1 48 0 R >> /ProcSet 64 0 R >> /Contents [ 50 0 R 52 0 R 54 0 R 56 0 R 58 0 R 60 0 R 62 0 R 65 0 R ] /Thumb 29 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 596 851 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 596 851 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 45 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F0 /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman,Bold /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 250 333 555 500 500 1000 833 278 333 333 500 570 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 333 570 570 570 500 930 722 667 722 722 667 611 778 778 389 500 778 667 944 722 778 611 778 722 556 667 722 722 1000 722 722 667 333 278 333 581 500 333 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 333 556 278 833 556 500 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500 444 394 220 394 520 778 500 778 333 500 500 1000 500 500 333 1000 556 333 1000 778 667 778 778 333 333 500 500 350 500 1000 333 1000 389 333 722 778 444 722 250 333 500 500 500 500 220 500 333 747 300 500 570 333 747 500 400 549 300 300 333 576 540 250 333 300 330 500 750 750 750 500 722 722 722 722 722 722 1000 722 667 667 667 667 389 389 389 389 722 722 778 778 778 778 778 570 778 722 722 722 722 722 611 556 500 500 500 500 500 500 722 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 500 556 500 500 500 500 500 549 500 556 556 556 556 500 556 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 46 0 R >> endobj 46 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /TimesNewRoman,Bold /Flags 16418 /FontBBox [ -250 -216 1165 1000 ] /MissingWidth 323 /StemV 136 /StemH 136 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 891 /XHeight 446 /Ascent 891 /Descent -216 /Leading 149 /MaxWidth 971 /AvgWidth 427 >> endobj 47 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /TimesNewRoman /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -250 -216 1165 1000 ] /MissingWidth 323 /StemV 73 /StemH 73 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 891 /XHeight 446 /Ascent 891 /Descent -216 /Leading 149 /MaxWidth 971 /AvgWidth 401 >> endobj 48 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F1 /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 250 333 408 500 500 833 778 180 333 333 500 564 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 564 564 564 444 921 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722 611 333 278 333 469 500 333 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 480 200 480 541 778 500 778 333 500 444 1000 500 500 333 1000 556 333 889 778 611 778 778 333 333 444 444 350 500 1000 333 980 389 333 722 778 444 722 250 333 500 500 500 500 200 500 333 760 276 500 564 333 760 500 400 549 300 300 333 576 453 250 333 300 310 500 750 750 750 444 722 722 722 722 722 722 889 667 611 611 611 611 333 333 333 333 722 722 722 722 722 722 722 564 722 722 722 722 722 722 556 500 444 444 444 444 444 444 667 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 549 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 47 0 R >> endobj 49 0 obj 1264 endobj 50 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 49 0 R >> stream test, which makes it an ideal choice for Indians residing In these works, Origen describes a threefold distinction in the meanings of Scripture, which correspond to body, soul, and spirit. "Abstract. program which is essential for my career growth. For Origen, fixation on the literal sense is precisely what led both Jews and Gnostics astray. Digital Forensics. Antiochene theology Quick Reference A modern designation for a style of theology associated with the Church at Antioch, contrasted with Alexandrine theology. [11] Jews insisted on the total application of Mosaic Law, while Gnostics repudiated Mosaic Law altogether, but both camps were guilty of carnal exegesis. Alexandria had it's own form of Christology, that defined the Human Nature in the Hypostatic Union to be a generic human nature, and this was in contrast (although not incompatible) with the Antiochene Christology that define's Christ's Human nature as a specific human being. One of his favorite phrases is: The Logos suffered impassibly. This article questions the value of the categories the school of Antioch and Antiochene christology on the basis of the significant theological differences between the two central figures in the school: John Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia, both of whom studied together at the school of Diodore of Tarsus in the late fourth century. Theological History of Two Natures/One Person, The rejection of the term Theotokos by Nestorius Constantinople, Nestorius did not intend to argue that Christ had a dual nature, but that view became labeled Nestorianism (PRO), The Two Is of Christ: Revisiting the Christological Controversy, El rechazo del trmino Theotokos por Nestorio de Constantinopla y la refutacin de su enseanza por Cirilo de Alejan, La Virgen Mara, Theotokos, y Cristo, verdadero Dios y verdadero Hombre. i.e, word became flesh. tuition and home schooling, secondary and senior secondary level, i.e. The goal of this paper will be to evaluate the life and work of one representative of the Alexandrian tradition, Origen of Alexandria. WebThe Alexandrian and Antiochian Christological Thoughts1 Many scholars attribute the problem of the Christological formula concerning the nature of Christ "Mia-physis and Dyophyses" to the controversy between the Alexandrian and the Antiochian theology. According to Marcion, the material world was created by an inferior deity known as a Demiurge, who revealed himself to the Hebrews and gave them a law of strict retributive justice. One of Origens fullest treatments of the Mosaic Law is found in his Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. WebFrom 3rd to 4th century, Tertullian and Origen give a more complete doctrine of Christology. Nestorio fue entronizado como arzobispo el 10 de abril 428. In large measure, Origen inherited this de-historicizing and allegorizing approach to Scripture from two earlier Alexandrians: Philo and Clement. Thoughts on the Evidential Argument fromDesire, Alexandrians vs. Antiochenes on Mosaic Law (Part2), Alexandrians vs. Antiochenes on Mosaic Law (Part 2) | Allkirk Network, Moshe Rabbenu and Torat Moshe Immanuel Verbondskind , Review: God Reforms Hearts by ThaddeusWilliams, Review: Conservatism: A Rediscovery by YoramHazony, Review: Outsiders on the Inside by BillyBoyce, Review: The Myth of Colorblind Christians by JesseCurtis, White fragility, white guilt, and the ring ofGyges. 0000008102 00000 n Perfect E Learn is committed to impart quality education through online mode of learning the future of education across the globe in an international perspective. Origen, Contra Celsum, 1.4-5; 5.37. 0000001216 00000 n Then, there were many different viewpoints of the doctrine proposed by Alexandrian School (ex: Arius, Athansius, and Apollinarius) and Antiochene School (ex: Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. For himself, he says, he has chosen to be on the. Two interpretive traditions emerged: the Alexandrian and the Antiochene. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. "The Council of Chalcedon 451: In Search of a Balanced and Nuanced Christology," in Seven Icons of Christ: Introduction to the Oecumenical Councils. For example, his refutation of Gnostic ideas like the permanent, intrinsic goodness or wickedness of souls led him to infer the possibility of final salvation for all people, even perhaps the devil. However, church historians have long since recognized that this distinction is neither wholly accurate nor helpful in exegetical studies. Conceiving Orthodox Christology, reviewing Cyril - pillar of faith'- Miaphysite Soteriology, in light of recent theological research, by Kasper, McGuckin, Meunier, Schoonenberg, Wickham, et al, Dogma and spirituality in Cyrillian logic. [2] Henning Graf Reventlow, History of Biblical Interpretation, trans. Cyril insists that while of itself human nature is not powerful but passible, in its union with the godhead, as in the dynamic act of Incarnation, the human nature of the Logos thereby becomes an instrument of omnipotent power and thus, in a real thought paradoxical sense, an omnipotent instrument. As Chau observes, The New Testament differs from the Old only in being a clearer, but not a fuller, manifestation of the spirit.[28], (See the conclusion of the paper in Part 2.). M. F. Wiles and E. J. Yarnold (Peeters: Leuven, 2001), 306. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. [9] Mark Edwards, Origen against Plato (Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2002), 160-1. [17] All of these laws, however, were in some sense an expression of Gods unchanging moral will. Thomas Scheck (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2002), 1-2. Origen (ca. Philo used this allegorical approach to Scripture to prove that Moses was superior to any pagan philosophers. 0000008977 00000 n Due to the papers original length, I will split it into two parts (Part 2 can be read here). 215 AD) was committed to the idea that all truth, whether in pagan or biblical sources, found its fulfillment in the reality of Christ. The goal of this paper will be to evaluate the life and work of one representative of the Alexandrian tradition, Origen of Alexandria. in KSA, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman and Bahrain. 1 (2008), 95-110, The Lynching of Nestorius: Cyril, The Strongman of Alexandria, Created or uncreated: The influence of philosophy and cultural normatives on the development of opposing interpretations of Christ as Logos leading up to Nicaea, The Christology of Eutyches at the Council of Constantinople 448. Online tuition for regular school students and home schooling children with clear options for high school completion certification from recognized boards is provided with quality content and coaching. [2] Even during his own lifetime, he would prove to be a controversial figure. Theological Controversy in the Seventh Century Concerning Activities and Wills in Christ. Supervised by Andrew Louth, (University of Durham, 2004). [] Note: this is the second part of a paper originally written for a class on the History of Biblical Interpretation at Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia. Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 78 (2002), 57-78. Our Degree programs are offered by UGC approved Indian universities and recognized by competent authorities, thus successful learners are eligible for higher studies in regular mode and attempting PSC/UPSC exams. Este es a la vez poderoso y frgil, majestuoso y humilde. First, it is a mistake to simply say that for Origen, ceremonial laws are literal, and moral laws are spiritual. 0000009443 00000 n According to Edwards, the most that can be inferred from Origens extant writings is that the human soul is created in the hand of God immediately before embodiment, but this does not entail any supposed punitive fall from heaven, as Platonists contend. This method is set forth most explicitly in his work De Principiis (On First Principles), and is also evident in his numerous commentaries. [25], Third, Origen does not argue that the letters proper function is to kill. 42 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 44 /H [ 940 297 ] /L 26946 /E 10052 /N 4 /T 25988 >> endobj xref 42 26 0000000016 00000 n Angels were bound to natural law,[16] Gentiles to natural and civil laws, Jews to natural and ceremonial laws, and Christians to the law of Christ. successful learners are eligible for higher studies and to attempt competitive Origens doctrine of the body seems to directly parallel his doctrine of biblical interpretation. WebAntiochene exegetes tended to insist more than their Alexandrian counterparts on the importance of seeing each biblical passage in its context within the longer narrative of Israels history, and to search for practical, moral applications, while Alexandrian interpreters tended to be more interested in the theological and spiritual meaning. Origens defense of Mosaic Law in his Commentary on Romans is rather complex, and it may be helpful to analyze his argument topically, in terms of various distinctions that he makes. WebThe Alexandrian and Antiochian Christological Thoughts1 Many scholars attribute the problem of the Christological formula concerning the nature of Christ "Mia-physis and Dyophyses" to the controversy between the Alexandrian and the Antiochian theology. A term paper written on the prompt: "With reference to the dispute between Cyril and Nestorius evaluate the assessment that Antiochene and Alexandrian Christologies are ultimately incompatible." [], [] Alexandrians vs. Antiochenes on Mosaic Law (Part 1) []. Cyril insists that Mary, the mother of God, should be called Theotokos. A term paper written on the prompt: "With reference to the dispute between Cyril and Nestorius evaluate the assessment that Antiochene and Alexandrian Christologies are ultimately incompatible." Thus, like his predecessors Philo and Clement, Origen believed that the essence of Mosaic Law is also found in natural law. 120-146], The Mystery of the Impossible Union of Divinity and Humanity in Jesus Christ, "The Bishop of Rome and the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon, AD 451: Why Pope Leo Is Doctrinal and Disciplinary Demands were Met," MA Thesis (2011), Duo filii and the homo assumptus in the Christology of Theodore of Mopsuestia: The Greek fragments of the Commentary on John., Is There Room for Two? Such a categorization would overlook the dual aspect of every text of Scripture. But rather than undermining the doctrine of biblical inspiration, Origen saw these inconsistencies as divinely intended pointers to the deeper, spiritual meaning. Origens chief target was Marcion (ca. He was endowed with a brilliant mind and a zeal for orthodoxy, but sometimes his efforts to combat heresies would cause him to over-correct in heterodox directions. In particular, I will focus on his Commentary on Romans and show how his hermeneutical distinction between letter and spirit favors the continuity of Mosaic Law in Christian ethics. In scriptural exegesis it placed more emphasis on the At the same time, Origens eschatology suggests that the body is a mere stepping stone to a higher reality, one in which we enjoy immediate communion with God unencumbered by carnal habits like eating and drinking.[10]. In scriptural exegesis it placed more emphasis on the On the other hand, Gnostic interpreters often denigrated Mosaic Law by ascribing it to an inferior deity, compelling Christians to defend the inspiration and authority of the Old Testament. Note: this paper was previously written for a class on the History of Biblical Interpretation at Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia. I was already a teacher by profession and I was searching for some B.Ed. the 10/12 Board These traditions were distinguished, not so much by neatly distinct exegetical practices (as a previous generation of scholars had thought), as by differing conceptions of history, and by the respective influences of contemporary philosophical and rhetorical schools. Clement (d. ca. [14] Origen was persuaded that all rational creatures, excepting young children,[15] were accountable to some law or another. I was in search of an online course; Perfect e Learn Towards the aim, Perfect E learn has already carved out a niche for itself in India and GCC countries as an online class provider at reasonable cost, serving hundreds of students. En sus cartas contra Nestorio, Cirilo no slo defiende el ttulo de Theotokos contra acusaciones de que estaba reviviendo la hereja del Apolinarianismo, pero l niega la genuina legitimidad del uso de esquemas cristolgicos alternativos, tales como la asociacin de personas, de la que haban hablado los pensadores antioqueos.