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(credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). Disorganized Thinking. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. . Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Delusions. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. c. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Think meditation might help? Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). People sleep better in cooler temperatures. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. . During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature.