[29][30] Keralam may stem from the Classical Tamil cherive-alam 'declivity of a hill or a mountain slope'[31] or chera alam 'land of the Cheras'. Tulu and Kannada are spoken mainly in Kasargod district. [91], Sea level rise, increased cyclonic intensity, increased ambient temperatures, and increasingly fickle precipitation patterns are effects of climate change that have affected or are projected to impact India. It also reported that approximately 150 to 200 liver transplants are conducted in the region's hospitals annually. Winter. [28] The Skanda Purana mentions the ecclesiastical office of the Thachudaya Kaimal who is referred to as Manikkam Keralar, synonymous with the deity of the Koodalmanikyam temple. [33] From the time of Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century CE) itself, the Arab sailors used to call Kerala as Male. [141][142] The Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near Palakkad; hence also known Palghat, where the Palakkad Gap breaks. [124] There were major revolts in Kerala during the independence movement in the 20th century; most notable among them is the 1921 Malabar Rebellion and the social struggles in Travancore. Summer begins in March and ends in May, and winter begins around November and remains until February. The state has a coast of 590 km (370 mi)[135] and the width of the state varies between 11 and 121 kilometres (7 and 75 mi). [86], Sources: India Meteorological Department[87][88], Temperatures in India have risen by 0.7 °C (1.3 °F) between 1901 and 2018. The day are very Cold and pleasant during December. [515] Sadhya is a vegetarian meal, which is served on a banana leaf and followed with a cup of payasam. [361] Kerala has the lowest proportion of homeless people in rural India – 0.04%,[362] and the state is attempting to reach the goal of becoming the first "Zero Homeless State", in addition to its acclaimed "Zero landless project", with private organisations and the expatriate Malayali community funding projects for building homes for the homeless. Its origins can be traced back to Travancore State Road Transport Department, when the Travancore government headed by Sri. Bose, Satheese Chandra and Varughese, Shiju Sam (eds.) Summer is exceedingly hot; temperatures in low-lying areas may exceed 50 °C (122 °F) during May, leading to heat waves that can each kill hundreds of Indians. In the Himalayas, the rate at which an air mass's temperature falls per kilometre (3,281 ft) of altitude gained (the dry adiabatic lapse rate) is 9.8 °C/km. The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly English and Malayalam. [64], Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon as a source of water. [267][268] In the 15th century, the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, and paved the way for European colonisation of India. [508][509][510][511], Kerala cuisine includes a wide variety of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes prepared using fish, poultry, and meat. The latter extends towards a low-pressure area over the Thar Desert and is roughly three times stronger than the Bay of Bengal branch. Mean annual precipitation totals have remained steady due to the declining frequency of weather systems that generate moderate amounts of rain. [125] Some social struggles against caste inequalities also erupted in the early decades of 20th century, leading to the 1936 Temple Entry Proclamation that opened Hindu temples in Travancore to all castes. Kurup,[492] the last two mentioned being recipients of Jnanpith award, the highest literary award in India. The winters are mild, pleasant, and dry with average daytime temperatures around 29 °C (84 °F) and nights around 12 °C (54 °F) with virtually full sun and clear nights. [358][359] In 2019, Kerala recorded the highest child sex abuse complaints in India. As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be strongly variable: epochal droughts, heat waves, floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of human lives. [478] Kerala natanam, Thirayattam,[479] Kaliyattam, Theyyam, Koothu and Padayani are other dance forms associated with the temple culture of the region. Soon after the monsoon season in the middle of December the winter season starts here with moderately cold up to the mid of February or March. Average daily maximum temperatures range between 25 and 34 °C (77 and 93 °F) in the Southern parts. [497][498][499] The "triumvirate of poets" (Kavithrayam): Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon, and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer, are recognised for moving Keralite poetry away from archaic sophistry and metaphysics, and towards a more lyrical mode. The latter section consists of majority Salafists (the Mujahids). [181] Apart from introducing the caste system, they also changed the socio-economic life of the people by commissioning new religious centres. The accidents are mainly the result of the narrow roads and irresponsible driving. [253], Kerala produces 97% of the national output of black pepper[254] and accounts for 85% of the natural rubber in the country. [496] Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar and Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran are noted for their contribution to Malayalam prose. [355] Kerala has the lowest homicide rate among Indian states, with 1.1 per 100,000 in 2011. [311] Kannur had an airstrip used for commercial aviation as early as 1935 when Tata airlines operated weekly flights between Mumbai and Thiruvananthapuram – stopping at Goa and Kannur. [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.]. In the state, despite the social progress, gender still influences social mobility. The name Male is thought to come from the Malayalam word Mala ('hill'). [41] This is accompanied by a seasonal excursion of the normally equatorial intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a low-pressure belt of highly unstable weather, northward towards India. 2) Most of western Rajasthan experiences an arid climatic regime (Hot desert climate). [350] Outbreaks of water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis, and typhoid among the more than 50% of people who rely on 3 million water wells is an issue worsened by the lack of sewers. In Kerala the winter season starts when the northeast monsoons ends. Yesudas, K.S. Snowfall at elevations of nearly 3000 m is about 3 m and lasts from December start to March end. The rainy season is from June to November, winter season from December to January and the rest of the year is sunny. Kochi hosts Kerala Blasters FC in the Indian Super League. Average temperatures in January range from 14 to 25 °C (57 to 77 °F), and average temperatures in April range from 25 to 35 °C (77 to 95 °F). [466] Processions often include traditional music such as Panchari melam or Panchavadyam. Another striking feature of summer is the Loo (wind). [417][418], Buddhism was popular in the time of Ashoka[419] but vanished by the 12th century CE. [283] New projects for hill and coastal highways were recently announced under KIIFB. These facilities are used mostly by central government VIPs visiting Kerala. According to a TRAI report, as of June 2018 the total number of wireless phone subscribers in Kerala is about 43.1 million and the wireline subscriber base is at 1.9 million, accounting for the telephone density of 124.15. [242] However, Kerala's high ratio of taxation to GSDP has not alleviated chronic budget deficits and unsustainable levels of government debt, which have impacted social services. In the fiscal year 2018-19, the nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP) was ₹7.82 trillion (US$110 billion). [356] In respect of female empowerment, some negative factors such as higher suicide rate, lower share of earned income, child marriage,[357] complaints of sexual harassment and limited freedom are reported. [412], Judaism reached Kerala in the 10th century BCE during the time of King Solomon. In southern India, the temperatures are higher on the east coast by a few degrees compared to the west coast. The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Ernakulam is known as the commercial capital of Kerala. [171]:12, 174–175 Reptiles include the king cobra, viper, python, and mugger crocodile. The total growth of the farm sector has recorded a 4.39% increase in 2012–13, over a paltry 1.3% growth in the previous fiscal year. The percentage indicates the possibility of having the weather mentioned. Christian missionaries also influenced Malayali women in that they started schools for girls from poor families. These forecasts are statistics for the month of december from weather reports for many years. [490] Since the 1980s, actors Mohanlal and Mammootty have dominated the movie industry; Mohanlal has won five National Film Awards (four for acting), while Mammootty has three National Film Awards for acting. [136] Geographically, Kerala can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands; rugged and cool mountainous terrain, the central mid-lands; rolling hills, and the western lowlands; coastal plains. [313] Cochin International Airport is the busiest in the state and the seventh busiest in the country. [76][77][78] Arabs also had trade links with Kerala, starting before the 4th century BCE, as Herodotus (484–413 BCE) noted that goods brought by Arabs from Kerala were sold to the Israelis [Hebrew (Jews)] at Eden. [276] According to 2003–04 reports, about 1.1 million people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries. With the coming of the Carboniferous, global cooling stoked extensive glaciation, which spread northwards from South Africa towards India; this cool period lasted well into the Permian. The Winter Season in Kerala begins towards the end of the northeast monsoons. [463] Other known festivals are Makaravilakku,[464] Chinakkathoor Pooram, Attukal Pongala and Nenmara Vallangi Vela[465] Other than these, festivals locally known as utsavams are conducted by many temples mostly on annual basis. About 80% of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season of July–September, which can cause flooding. Rocher, Ludo (1986). [572][573] Padmanabhaswamy Temple in the state capital of Thiruvananthapuram holds the record as the wealthiest place of worship in the world, with assets of at least ₹1.2 trillion (equivalent to ₹2.0 trillion or US$28 billion in 2019). In South India, particularly the hinterlands of Maharashtra, parts of Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, somewhat cooler weather prevails. [67][68] IMD-designated post-monsoon season coincides with the northeast monsoon, the effects of which are significant only in some parts of India. India's two island territories, Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, are also subject to this climate. [204], After independence, the state was managed as a democratic socialist welfare economy. Since the land is very fertile all types of vegetation is possible here and from the onset of April the land bloomed flowers and freshness up to July. The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World", contain the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles. [160] The "Arabian Sea Branch" of the Southwest monsoon first hits the Western Ghats,[161] making Kerala the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest monsoon. [17] In cooler regions of North India, immense pre-monsoon squall-line thunderstorms, known locally as "Nor'westers", commonly drop large hailstones. [532] Unlike in many other states, the urban-rural divide is not visible in Kerala with respect to mobile phone penetration. The highlights of this festival are feasts and bonfires. [36] According to William Logan, the word Malabar comes from a combination of the Malayalam word Mala (hill) and the Persian/Arabic word Barr (country/continent). The hottest month for the western and southern regions of the country is April; for most of North India, it is May. [57] Rising population and development pressures, particularly from logging and tourism, cause deforestation. Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. [565] The state's tourism industry is a major contributor to the state's economy, growing at the rate of 13.31%. The heavy monsoon rains are responsible for the exceptional biodiversity of tropical wet forests in parts of these regions. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRavindranathBalaSharma2021 (, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, "Age of initiaotion of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data", "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification", "Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years", "Drass, World's Second Coldest Inhabited Place", "India Just Set A New All-Time Record High Temperature - 51 Degrees Celsius", "Climatological Normals for Indian Stations", "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)", "Average temperature over India projected to rise by 4.4 degrees Celsius: Govt report on impact of climate change in country", "Extreme heat in India and anthropogenic climate change", "Investigation of multi-model spatiotemporal mesoscale drought projections over India under climate change scenario", 10.1659/0276-4741(2002)022[0316:ASPPTS]2.0.CO;2, "Agriculture Crop Residue Burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plains—A Study Using IRS-P6 AWiFS Satellite Data", 10.1175/1520-0450(1971)010<0169:NOHSD>2.0.CO;2, "Climate of the Late Permian and Early Triassic: General Inferences", "Pre-Monsoon Western Disturbances in Relation to Monsoon Rainfall, Its Advancement over Northwestern India and Their Trends", "Prediction of Western Disturbances and Associated Weather over the Western Himalayas", "Out-of-India Gondwanan Origin of Some Tropical Asian Biota", "Long-Term Climate Variability and Change over Monsoonal Asia", "Age of Initiation of Collision Between India and Asia: A Review of Stratigraphic Data", "The Aeolian Sedimentation Record of the Thar Desert", "The Generation Mechanism of the Western Disturbances over the Himalayas", "India's Forgotten Farmers Await Monsoon", "Air India Reschedules Delhi-London/New York and Frankfurt Flights Due to Fog", Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, "Snow Fall and Avalanches in Jammu and Kashmir", "Early Warning Signs: Coral Reef Bleaching", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&oldid=1001557369, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 20 January 2021, at 06:03. Less and less precipitation falls, and vegetation begins to dry out. P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar theorised, that Senguttuvan may have been inspired by the Parasurama legend, which was brought by early Aryan settlers. A canal 205 kilometres (127 mi) long, National Waterway 3, runs between Kottapuram and Kollam, which is included in the East-Coast Canal. Settled at 1600 m, it’s enveloped in mists in the season. Calicut International Airport, which was opened in 1988, is the second-oldest existing airport in Kerala and the oldest in the Malabar region. Though they experience hot summers, temperatures during the coldest months generally fall as low as 0 °C (32 °F). [381], Hinduism is the most widely professed faith in Kerala, with significant Muslim and Christian minorities. [282] Most of Kerala's west coast is accessible through the NH 66 (previously NH 17 and 47); and the eastern side is accessible through state highways. Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation, the floods can kill thousands and displace millions. [12] The Himalayas, along with the Hindu Kush mountains in Pakistan, prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes. [282] This translates to about 6.98 kilometres (4.34 mi) of road per thousand people, compared to an average of 3.88 kilometres (2.41 mi) in the country. Ramanathaiyer, Sundar, and Stewart MacPherson. [59] Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures. [55][56]:79 Kerala's spices attracted ancient Babylonians, Assyrians and Egyptians to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. By the first week of July, the entire country experiences monsoon rain; on average, South India receives more rainfall than North India. 458–56. A third major IT Hub is under construction centred around Kozhikode known as Cyberpark. [94][95], At the peak of their reign, the Zamorins of Kozhikode ruled over a region from Kollam (Quilon) in the south to Panthalayini Kollam (Koyilandy) in the north. Summers are hot and dry with daytime temperatures around 41 °C (106 °F) and nights no lower than 29 °C (84 °F). New Statesman. India's western coast, bordering the more placid Arabian Sea, experiences cyclones only rarely; these mainly strike Gujarat and, less frequently, Kerala. In comparison with the rest of India, Kerala experiences relatively little sectarianism. [560] In 1986 the government of Kerala declared tourism an important industry and it was the first state in India to do so. George, Priyadarshan, John Abraham, Ramu Karyat, K S Sethumadhavan, A. Vincent and Shaji N Karun have made a considerable contribution to the Indian parallel cinema. The Coastal State Kerala has cold Climate in the Month of January. The sun is often occluded during the monsoon season. Elevated carbon dioxide emissions also contributed to the greenhouse effect, causing warmer weather that lasted long after the atmospheric shroud of dust and aerosols had cleared. [75][76][77], The highest temperature ever recorded in India occurred on 19 May 2016 in Phalodi, Jodhpur District, Rajasthan at 51.0 °C (123.8 °F). [282] Roads in Kerala include 1,812 kilometres (1,126 mi) of national highway; 1.6% of the nation's total, 4,342 kilometres (2,698 mi) of state highway; 2.5% of the nation's total, 27,470 kilometres (17,070 mi) of district roads; 4.7% of the nation's total, 33,201 kilometres (20,630 mi) of urban (municipal) roads; 6.3% of the nation's total, and 158,775 kilometres (98,658 mi) of rural roads; 3.8% of the nation's total. 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