It is flanked by four high buildings, named Buildings 16, 18, 19 and 20, which were topped by temples. The rest of the procession consists of warriors holding captives by their hair. The El Tajín settlement is contemporary with Mayan settlements like Chichen Itza and Uxmal as well as settlements on central plateau like Tula and Xochicalco. "Son architecture, unique en Mésoamérique, est caractérisée par l’élaboration de bas reliefs gravés sur des colonnes et des frises. El Tajin - El Tajín is a pre-Columbian archeological site and one of the largest and most important cities of the Classic era of Mesoamerica. The site and museum take around 2-3hrs to visit at a fairly leisurely pace. El Tajín | Arqueología Mexicana El Tajín llamó la atención de los estudiosos desde finales del siglo XVIII, época en que se publicaron las imágenes de la Pirámide de los Nichos por primera vez. [47] This building is named for the columns that adorned the east facade of the structure. [6] The city began to have extensive influence starting around this time,[12] which can be best seen at the neighboring site of Yohualichan, whose buildings show the kinds of niches that define El Tajin. It had been thrown down from the top of the pyramid in ancient times and broken. It has stairways on both the east and west sides that lead to the top of the second level. El Tajin, Pre-Hispanic City. The deteriorated north central panel shows two cross-legged figures facing each other. Access to the first level of the pyramid, which is lined with niches, is via a single staircase on the west side or a double staircase on the east side. The use of niches is unique to El Tajin. This complex was one of the last to be built and it also shows evidence if fire and other damage from the fall of the city. The objective is not only to see the different costumes and styles of the groups but to share experiences about the fertility ritual. Präkolumbische Stadt und Nationalpark von Palenque (1987) | Archeological evidence shows that a village existed here at the time the Spanish arrived and the area has always been considered sacred by the Totonacs. He eventually cleared 77 acres (310,000 m2), uncovering more buildings and proposed that it be called “The Archeological City of El Tajín.” Starting from 1938, excavation and reconstruction work was sponsored by INAH and headed by Jose Garcia Payon,[15] uncovering platforms, ballcourts and part of Tajín Chico with its palaces. [38], Sculpture from the temple is largely fragmentary. However, the lower level of the building is not rooms but a solid base. [57], After this point, the panels deal with the response of the gods. [10], The Cumbre Tajín has been criticized for its emphasis on modern shows rather than on cultural events. One holds a large knife in his left hand and gestures with his right. In being named a World Heritage Site in 1992, new facilities have been added to this area, such as a cafeteria, information services, a park and administrative offices. There are relatively few temples here. Stepped frets are seen in other parts of Mesoamerica but rarely to this extent. Tanzend bewegen sich die vier Männer auf den Stamm zu. Denkmalbereich von Tlacotalpan (1998) | [14], The area is rainforest, with a hot wet climate of the Senegal type. Behind these buildings is a large plaza with small low structures on its edges. Date/Time Thumbnail Dimensions User Comment; current: 17:29, 18 June 2006: 2,560 × 1,920 (2.24 MB) SusKauz |Description=Nischenpryramdie in El Tajín, in der Nähe von Papantla, Veracruz, Mexiko |Source=Fotograph Frank.C. The two lower levels are adorned with larger niches as is the top of the stairway divider. The panels on the ends show scenes from the ballgame itself and the center panels show responses from the gods. The stones are arranged in controlled lines and delicate proportions. The first building to be completely cleared of jungle growth was the Pyramid of the Niches. Jahrhundert dort gewesen waren. [40], Tajin Chico is a multilevel portion of the site that stretches north-northwest from the older parts of the city up a hill. The site extends to the northwest where terraces were constructed to place more buildings, mostly for the city's elite. Aquädukt von Padre Tembleque (2015), Naturerbe: It has become the focus of the site because of its unusual design and good state of preservation. Nach ihr wurde die Tajín-Kultur benannt. [31], The park is named Parque Takilhsukut and is located about one km outside the site proper. It is a large stone slab sculpted to depict four individuals standing in pairs with a figure of intertwined snakes between the two pairs. It took shape during the late Classic period and reached its peak development during the transition to the Post-Classic, between 800 and 1150 A.D. The stones, especially around the niches are fitted together as to need a minimum amount of lime and earth mortar. At the center of the scene is a temple with the rain and wind gods seated on top and a vat of liquid within. Im frühen 19. Even after the fall of El Tajin, sometime around 1200 A.D., locals kept the temple clear and … [45], The Building of the Columns dominates the highest portion of Tajin Chico. Lagune von El Vizcaíno – Schutzraum für Wale (1993) | It has been suggested that the buildings were filled with earth to support the roof as it was being poured and dried. The principal participant is supine on a kind of a sofa. [11] Evidence of the city's influence can be seen along the Veracruz Gulf coast to the Maya region and into the high plateau of central Mexico. The court has a general east-west alignment and is 198 feet (60 m) long and 34.5 feet (10.5 m) wide. Die Stadt wurde im 1. Both are small temple-like platforms. La description est disponible sous licence CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0. This temple was obviously of great symbolic importance to the people of El Tajin: it once contained exactly 365 niches, marking its connection to the solar year. The other structure on this platform is called the Annex or the Building of the Tunnels, as it is connected to the Building of the Columns by a passageway. Finden Sie perfekte Stock-Fotos zum Thema El Tajín sowie redaktionelle Newsbilder von Getty Images. It is unknown if the similarity between this building and the Pyramid of the Niches indicates a relationship between the two. It is located at the northwest corner of the Great Xicalcoluihqui and at the base of Tajin Chico. Archeologists reassembled it at the spot in which it was found. hatte sind heute unbekannt. [34][35] The east and west pyramids of the arroyo group each held three temples at the top. Many have feathered headdresses and reptilian attributes and a few are human like. El Tajin a été inscrit au patrimoine mondial en 1992, en raison de l’importance historique de son architecture et de son ingénierie [1], [3]. Variant forms of the god of pulque appear over each of the end panels, suggesting that the drink was an important part of the ritual. He was also the first to speculate that the pyramid was part of a larger city. The upper level was adorned with stepped frets and scrolls as well. [48], Just east of Tajin Chico is an area of valley floor. [5] The only other known example of two story construction is in the Mayan territories. What is being requested is pulque, indicated by a glyph indicating the mythical origin of the drink and a split image of the god of pulque above the scene. Haus und Studio von Luís Barragán (2004) | Thirty percent of the revenue the event generates goes toward scholarships for Totonaca youth. Each year since 1992, the number of visitors to the site increases which now stands at 653,000 annually. Impressions of baskets, tamale wrappers and other items have been found in the dried cement. Between the two sets of staircases on the first level on the east side is a tall column-line sculpture. Two musicians are playing a turtle shell drum and clay rattles. A figure dressed as an eagle dances in front while a skeletal deity flies above and the death deity rises from liquid. El Tajín is a pre-Columbian archeological site in southern Mexico and is one of the largest and most important cities of the Classic era of Mesoamerica. Surviving roof fragments from Building C in the Tajín Chico section is an example of cement roof constructions. Two have been partially explored. The city was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage in the 1990s as all the monuments at El Tajín, including their surrounding landscape, have survived virtually unaltered over the centuries, hidden from man by the tropical jungle. Dieses Ritual diente früher der Vorbereitung von Jünglingen zwischen 20 und 25 Jahren. The site museum is also located here. The other structure is the Great Ballcourt, the largest court at El Tajin. On the south central panel is depicting a scene after the sacrificed ball player has received the pulque with the same temple, glyphs and depiction of the pulque god. Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (2010) | El uso del nicho, tan característico en el estilo Tajín es moderado, con excepción del Edificio 16 que muestra en cada cuerpo una hilada de nichos, algo parecido a la Pirámide de los Nichos. [10], The site is located in Mexico in the highlands of the municipality of Papantla in modern-day Veracruz, not far from the city of Poza Rica, which lies northwest of the port and city of Veracruz. The friezes running along the upper edges of the court are composed of interlocking scroll figures, each containing a central element of a head and an eye. It was prominent in ancient times as well. Erst dann wurde der Baum mit großer Vorsicht gefällt, damit ihm so wenig Schmerzen wie möglich zugefügt werden. [15] To date, only about fifty percent of the city's buildings has been excavated, revealing a series of plazas, palaces, and administrative buildings within a two-square-mile area. One notable similarity is the association of altitude with power: in El Tajín, the ruling class built a palace complex on hills adjacent to the ceremonial center. Off the stairs and leading east from the pyramid are large round stone with holes in the middle, in which were probably placed banners. The company's most popular product is a seasoning powder, often referred to as simply Tajín, consisting of ground chilli peppers, sea salt, and dehydrated lime juice. File history. At the center of the false stairway are true stairs leading upwards under an arch to the first level of the palace. Unlike the rest of the city, these four buildings are uniform in height and nearly symmetrical. However, the one on the northeast side has been completely destroyed due to centuries-old trail that was used when this area was still jungle. Präkolumbische Stadt Teotihuacán (1987) | Spectators could watch events from Building 5 to the north and Building 6 to the south as well as from stands built on one side of the court. Müller … One has survived mostly intact and is now in the site museum. The four end panels have scenes relating to the ritual of the ball game that result in entreaties to the gods. März 2015 wurde die Gedenkstätte in das Internationale Register für Kulturgut unter Sonderschutz der Haager Konvention zum Schutz von Kulturgut bei bewaffneten Konflikten aufgenommen. The top of the pyramid contains two platforms, both of which are decorated with stepped frets. The most important part of the structure was the temple that was on top of this pyramid; however, this was completely destroyed and little is known about what it might have looked like. The entrance to the site is located at the south end. Panorama of El Tajin Archaeological Site - Veracruz - Mexico - 03 (16023078345).jpg 4,912 × 1,080; 1.87 MB. The southwest panel has a figure dressed as an eagle seated in a vat of liquid, probably pulque, and being fed by a female figure on the left and a male on the right. [4][19] It reached its apogee in the Epi-Classic (900-1100 CE) before suffering destruction and the encroachment of the jungle. Related to this is their belief that twelve old thunderstorm deities, known as Tajín, still inhabit the ruins. The court is 87 feet (27 m) long, which is considered to be unusually small and has vertical rather than sloping walls. El Tajin experienced a prosperous period between 600-1200 A.D. at the expense of Teotihuacan and Palenque, until it was abandoned. El Tajin is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and jewel of Mexico's Gulf Coast. [36], The pyramid has seven stories. [14] The site has no major settlements located next to it. Cabañas-Hospiz in Guadalajara (1997) | This area is one of the oldest sections of the city, and is more than 86,100 square feet (8,000 m2). [58], The Cumbre Tajin is an annual artistic and cultural festival which is held at the site in March. [11] It is believed that only half of El Tajin archeological site has been uncovered. It was originally a great urban center that flourished from around 800 to 1150 ce. The broad eastern stairway was also painted with cloud-like scroll motifs. Due to the lack of beams or other materials to prop it up, this roof had to be very thick to support itself. Nach ihr wurde die Tajín-Kultur benannt. [27] The finished roofs were nearly a meter thick and almost perfectly flat. Festungsstadt San Miguel de Allende und Wallfahrtskirche Jesús de Nazareno in Atotonilco (2008) | Nearby buildings A and B were palaces. This led to the building of many pyramids with temples and seventeen ballcourts, more than any other Mesoamerican site. [59] In 2008, 160,000 attended the event which featured Fito Páez, Ximena Sariñana and Los Tigres del Norte. Bei diesem Spiel mussten die Mannschaften (die Anzahl der Spieler ist nicht bekannt; es gibt allerdings Abbildungen, die insgesamt vier Personen zeigen) den Ball mit der Hüfte in einen hochgelegenen Ring befördern. Historische Stadt und Festung von Campeche (1999) | This structure is unique among Mesoamerican sites and contains two or three small ballcourts. The third story begins with a wall of niches and no visible stairs. Once the court walls were built six panels were sculpted at the corners and centers of the two walls. Der bekannteste ist der Juego de Pelota Sur mit 60 m Länge. [29] (wikerson45) Another feature unique to El Tajin is that a number of the residences have windows placed to allow cool breezes to enter on hot days. Weniger als ein Viertel der Stätte wurde bisher ausgegraben. In front is a sacrifice victim with his entrails slung over a frame. [50], While the Blue Temple was a fairly early construction, the pyramid next to it, Building 23 was built very late in Tajin's history. Culture; History; Science; Travel Tips; Worldschooling; Making a Difference; Work With Us. [11] West of the building on the south side is a large ball court with sloped sides and sculpted friezes depicting the god Quetzalcoatl. Felszeichnungen in der Sierra de San Francisco (1993) | Die Erbauer der weitläufigen Anlage, die ihre Blütezeit zwischen 300 und 1100 n. Chr. It is part of one of the last building complexes built at El Tajín. The cement could not be poured all at once but rather in successive layers. The blood falls into the vat and to refill it with pulque. [20] Most of the population lived in the hills surrounding the main city,[13] and the city obtained most of its foodstuffs from the Tecolutla, Nautla and Cazones areas. [4][8] “Its architecture, which is unique in Mesoamerica, is characterized by elaborate carved reliefs on the columns and frieze. [11] Another unusual feature is that this plaza has no smaller structures such as buildings or altars to break up the space. Die Sonne spielt während dieser Zeit die Trommel und Flöte. However, as the term was already in the literature about the site, it has stuck. These columns were thickened over time as it became apparent to have stronger bracing for the weight of the two floors. Deeper excavation found an older, damaged structure which was covered over by the visible structure. It covers 17 hectares with a capacity of 40,000 people. This building is thought to the last built with niches. His drawings and descriptions were published in a book named Voyage pittoresque et archéologique published in Paris in 1836. He points to the vat and addresses the rain god. Visit El Tajin: History El Tajin is your one stop shop for everything that Mesoamerican Veracruz has to offer… excellent ruins, voladores & the Pueblo Magico base town of Papantla. Historisches Zentrum von Puebla (1987) | Inseln und geschützte Gebiete im Golf von Kalifornien (2005) | [34] The market that filled this plaza consisted of stalls made with sticks and cloth offering regional products such as vanilla as well as products from other parts of Mesoamerica such as jaguar skins, exotic birds such as the parrot and the macaw and quetzal feathers. Except for six benches on the staircase and at the top of the balustrades, probably later additions, there are no niches. 1785 wurde die Stätte von Diego Ruiz wiederentdeckt, nachdem die Spanier wahrscheinlich bereits im 16. [33], This is called the Arroyo Group because two streams surround it on three sides. Archäologische Stätte Xochicalco (1999) | To further this effect, the inside of the frets were painted dark red and the exterior portion light blue, similar to turquoise. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 26. [28] The poured cement was used in the only building with two floors at the site, Building B, as a roof and as a separator between the ground and upper floor. One criticism is the illumination of pyramids at night without any kind of cultural historical instruction. At their waists are the protective and ritual accoutrements which are very similar to the stone yokes, palmas and hachas common in elite burials. Denkmalensemble von Querétaro (1996) | The panels inside were painted with murals, of which only fragments survive. From the early centuries, objects from Teotihuacan are abundant. Panorama of El Tajin Archaeological Site - Veracruz - Mexico - 04 (15835815320).jpg 4,912 × 1,080; 2.3 MB. Este monumento destaca por su belleza y cuando se menciona El Tajín, generalmente se piensa que se hace referencia sólo a la famosa pirámide. Jh. Sie wendet sich diesen nacheinander zu und tanzt auf der Spitze. El Tajin also shows influence from Classic era Maya cities. The central panels depict the gods responding or performing a ritual of their own. The glyphs above the deity identify it with the planet Venus. [32], The site museum is divided into two parts: an enclosed building and a roofed area covering large stone sculpture fragments. [42] The roof of Building C was more than 1,600 square feet (150 m2) in size and covered two rooms on the west side as well as main room which opened to the east through five piers. Originally the structure was painted a dark red with the niches in black intended to deepen the shadows of the recessed niches. Surrounding it are tobacco fields, banana plantations, apiaries and vanilla groves. Buried under all of this is a smaller stricter with taluds but no niches. [15], Building C was not a temple but its function is not entirely clear. The sculpture is similar in style to the carved stone yokes of Veracruz. This space is broken by six stone and cement pillars which support the floor above. Just to imagine how they built such a magical place back then makes me speechless. [43], Building B is a two-story structure that was used as a residence and classified as a palace. These were painted yellow, blue, red and black. The sacrificed player appears here, whole and with a pot under his arm. It hosts fairs, conventions and other events, including part of the annual Cumbre Tajín cultural festival which is held in March. Much of this section was created by using massive amounts of landfill. The rain god is shown in a rite of auto sacrifice running a spike through part of his penis. There are also fears that large numbers of visitors to the site for events such as concerts by names such as Alejandra Guzmán damage the site. [7] The Totonacs established the nearby settlement of Papantla after the fall of El Tajín. This is a wall, which from above forms a giant stepped fret and encloses about 129,000 square feet (12,000 m2). Its architecture, which is unique in Mesoamerica, is … This is part of an initial activity before the game itself starts. De allí, el visitante puede pasar por los juegos de pelota 17/27 y 13/14. [6][19] The rapid rise of Tajin was due to its strategic position along the old Mesoamerican trade routes. In addition, the Danza de los Voladores is enacted at the entrance to the site and is considered a requirement for visitors. Altstadt von Oaxaca und Ruinen von Monte Albán (1987) | Unlike other ballccourts, there are no carved panels and no sculptures have been associated with this structure. The sculpted panels on these walls remain largely intact and show in step-by-step fashion how the ball game was played here, complete with ceremonies, sacrifice and the response of the gods. Die Pyramide hat 365 Nischen, was höchstwahrscheinlich ein Sonnenjahr symbolisieren soll. Su auge fue de principios del siglo IX hasta principios del siglo XIII. By this time, he had uncovered most of the major buildings and established that Tajín was one of the most important cities of ancient Mexico. The center figure has his arms held back by the one on the left. De origen totonaca, esta cultura de la cual aún no se sabe su origen específico, puesto que algunos investigadores proponen que fue formada por grupos procedentes de … It is also more easily defended than other parts of the city. Um 1200 wurde die Stätte wieder verlassen. The deep niches imitate caves, which long have been considered to be passageways to the underworld, where many of the gods reside. It is thought to symbolize lightning and while it is common in Mesoamerica, it is a very prominent motif here. In the center are two intertwined serpents which seem to form the shape of a tlaxmalactl or ball game marker. Jest to jedno z największych miast wybudowanych w trakcie ery klasycznej na terenie Ameryki Środkowej. There are also facilities for workshops, exhibitions, alternative therapies, seminars and ceremonies. Niches are also found underneath the stairway along the east face, which indicates that the stairway was a later addition. To lighten the load and to bind the layers of cement, pumice stones and pottery shards were mixed into the cement. However the city also had communities located on the hills east and west of the main city, with mostly lower-class dwellings. One is seated on a throne and the other by a pulque vat. [12], One notable aspect of the construction at El Tajin is the use of poured cement in forms. Das bekannteste Bauwerk ist die siebenstöckige Pyramide de los Nichos ( Nischenpyramide) . The interior of the building is composed of loose stone, mostly rounded river boulders. However, there are no records by any Europeans about the place prior to the late 18th century. While this kind of cement roof is common in modern times, it was unique in the Mesoamerican world. [1], Kulturerbe: Voladores come from as far as San Luis Potosi and Guatemala. Behind the players are two figures, one with a deer head, who are watching from the court walls as well as the death deity again above. Slaves for service and sacrifice were also sold here. Vorkolumbische Stadt Chichén Itzá (1988) | Some argue in favor of the Totonacs and the Xapaneca; however, there is a significant amount of evidence that the area was populated by the Huastec at the time the settlement was founded in the 1st century CE[16][18] Monumental construction started soon after and by 600 CE, El Tajín was a city. Dann begeben sich die vier Winde auf die Spitze des Stamms. The facade depicts a false stairway and balustrades of stepped frets capped by niches. Präkolumbische Stadt Uxmal (1996) | The voladores appear every half-hour at the pole and circle erected just outside the main gate. Dieses Ritual wurde einst nur an bestimmten Festtagen durchgeführt, zu Ehren der Götter der Fruchtbarkeit, wie Tlazoltéotl und Xipe Totec. Altstadt von Morelia (1991) | After 1200 AD, the mighty Mexico-Tenochtitlan kingdom took control of the region, causing abandonment and destruction of the s… Die Sonne begrüßt nun die vier Himmelsrichtungen mit ihrem Spiel. [17] It is unclear who built the city. Eine bedeutende Rolle spielte der Ort um das Jahr 800 im Reich der Totonaken. [11], While ballcourts are common in Mesoamerica, El Tajin distinguishes itself by having seventeen. [19], From 600 to 1200 CE, El Tajín was a prosperous city that eventually controlled much of what is now modern Veracruz state. The northwest panel shows the beginning of the ballgame. La mayor parte de este sitio todavía está sin excavar. and during this time numerous Events include those traditional to the Totonac culture as well as modern arts and events from cultures from as far as Tibet. [59] However, the Centro de Artes Indígenas de Veracruz states that it works very hard to preserve and promote Totonac culture through the event, sponsoring events such as traditional cooking, painting and the ritual of the Voladores. For the Mexican seasoning containing chili peppers, lime, and salt, see, "El Tajín, Abode of the Dead "The Photography of Nicolas Sapieha, "El Tajin, Veracruz, Mexico, Ruin Site, Pyramid of the Niches", "La prodigiosa ciudad de El Tajín, en Veracruz", "Esclarecen orígenes de la cultura de El Tajín", "El Tajín en el siglo xviii Dos exploraciones pioneras en Veracruz", "The Photography of Nicolas Sapieha: El Tajin", "Ancient Mexican Carvings Being Erased by Acid Rain, Experts Say", "La Cumbre Tajín no dañará la ciudad sagrada, recalcan", El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco, Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco, Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila, Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Tajín&oldid=1000819163, Articles with dead external links from December 2016, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of, This page was last edited on 16 January 2021, at 21:53. 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An older panel was found building was used as a palace break up the space Fito Páez, Ximena and... The underworld, where remains of these ballcourts contain sculpted panels which depict gods! Surface of the Arroyo Group because two streams surround it on three sides 12 ] El Tajín with... Rather in successive layers seven panels that set it apart from other pyramids at night without any of. Baten um die Erlaubnis für das Fällen meter thick and almost perfectly flat fret and encloses 129,000! Ort um das Jahr 800 im Reich der Totonaken gezeigt, der Danza del Volador primarily calendaric the 1970s the! It belonged to the top of the building and nothing of the site jewel. A double-digit pace deity found here has features more in common with this of! Be seen on part of his penis Mayans is the Great Xicalcoluihqui, or the Great Xicalcoluihqui and the... And stepped frets and scrolls as well as modern arts and events from cultures from as far as.... 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